Anemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

What is anemia?

Anemia is characterized by a reduction in hemoglobin levels, a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. As a result, various organs and tissues may be affected by the lack of oxygenation, which can manifest through several warning symptoms

To better understand the concept of anemia, its types, causes, symptoms, and treatments, some definitions are necessary:

blood is composed of plasma and suspended cells: plasma is made up of water in which various chemical substances are dissolved, including proteins, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and antibodies
the blood cells are red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells, which are responsible, respectively, for transporting oxygen, preventing hemorrhages (excessive bleeding), and defending our body against infections

Symptoms

Since blood circulates throughout the entire body, the consequences of anemia can manifest through a wide range of symptoms and signs, including:

paleness
fatigue
lack of motivation
drowsiness
heart palpitations
headache
decreased ability to concentrate
irritability

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of anemia is usually made with the support of a healthcare professional and generally includes:

questions about the patient’s symptoms and family history, followed by a physical examination to check for signs of anemia
a complete blood count (CBC), which is a test that measures the levels of different blood components, such as hemoglobin, red blood cells, and platelets

Red blood cells make up nearly 50% of blood volume. They are filled with a protein called hemoglobin, which is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body

Platelets, on the other hand, are small structures (about 1/10 the size of red blood cells) that help the body control bleeding. For example, in the case of an injury, platelets form a kind of “plug” at the site where a blood vessel has been damaged

Treatment

When anemia is caused by a deficiency of nutrients, these can be replenished through supplements such as ferrous sulfate and vitamins, along with a diet rich in iron and folic acid

In cases where anemia is related to impaired blood production—such as aplastic anemia (due to insufficient production) or production defects like leukemias and myelodysplasia—specific treatment and regular follow-up with a healthcare professional are required

Anemias caused by immune-related destruction of red blood cells are treated with immunosuppressants

Genetic conditions such as Thalassemia Major and Sickle Cell Anemia must be managed by a qualified healthcare provider

Prevention

The prevention of nutritional deficiency anemia involves adopting habits and practices that promote overall health and help avoid nutrient deficiencies. Maintaining a nutrient-rich diet is essential, including foods such as fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, whole grains, citrus fruits, and leafy green vegetables

In the case of genetically inherited anemias, special attention should be given to family history for proper guidance and counseling

References

April

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Leukemia: a type of cancer that affects blood cells. The main symptoms include fatigue and weakness, frequent infections, bleeding, bruising, and pain in the bones and joints

Sickle cell anemia: a condition in which red blood cells have an abnormal, sickle-like shape. This makes it harder to transport oxygen and can cause pain and complications throughout the body

Iron-deficiency anemia: a condition caused by a lack of iron in the body. Without enough iron, the body cannot produce healthy red blood cells, which can lead to tiredness and weakness