Bunions

What is a bunion?

A bunion, technically called hallux valgus, is defined as a deformity characterized by a lateral deviation of the big toe, sometimes associated with rotational deformity (pronation). This results in a painful medial prominence.

Are there types?

Yes, there are some types determined by radiographic evaluation, as outlined below:

Incidence

More common in the elderly population, with an average of nine cases in women for every one in men. From the age of 50, 1 in every 45 individuals presents with a bunion.

Causes

Heredity is considered the most relevant predisposing factor, with some studies showing a family tendency in 68% of cases.

In addition, some intrinsic and extrinsic factors make up the etiological causes:

• intrinsic: local anatomical characteristics predispose to the deformity, such as flat feet, short first metatarsal, instability of the first metatarsocuneiform joint, among others
• extrinsic: excessive use of inappropriate footwear, high-impact sports activities, being overweight, and a sedentary lifestyle, among others

Symptoms

Pain and progressive deformity of the big toe.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made through a physical examination by a foot and ankle specialist.

Treatment

The therapeutic decision depends on the degree of deformity, the intensity of symptoms, associated injuries, and the patient's level of mechanical demand.

Prognosis. Living with the condition

The deformity tends to progress over the years. Early diagnosis by a foot and ankle specialist allows for slowing the degenerative process, preventing secondary injuries, and often avoiding the need for surgical correction.

Prevention

Prevention strategies require identifying the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of each individual, along with detailed guidance from a specialist.

Possible Complications

Associated injuries may include: Claw toes, metatarsalgia, sesamoiditis, foot osteoarthritis, tendon injuries and peripheral nerve changes.

By the Einstein Editorial Board