Hemorrhoids
Einstein Health Glossary
ICD 10 - I84
What are hemorrhoids?
Hemorrhoids are veins around the anus or rectum that can become inflamed or dilated. During bowel movements, they usually return to their normal size, but the strain required to defecate—whether due to constipation or hardened stools—can hinder this process, resulting in hemorrhoids.
They can be internal or external. External hemorrhoids resemble varicose veins or blood clots visible at the edge of the anus. Internal hemorrhoids are located in the anal sphincter, the muscles responsible for keeping the anus closed, and tend to cause more severe symptoms.
Symptoms
Hemorrhoid symptoms can vary widely and include:
- discomfort and pain around the anus
- itching near the anus
- bleeding during bowel movements, either on toilet paper or in the stool
- swelling or tenderness in the anal área
Causes
One of the most common causes of hemorrhoids is constipation, but other factors may also contribute, such as:
- pregnancy: the pressure caused by the baby can affect the veins in the lower abdomen
- obesity: can increase pressure on abdominal veins
- sedentary lifestyle: physical activity helps stimulate abdominal muscle movement, so a sedentary lifestyle can lead to poor digestion and reduced blood circulation in the anus
- anal sex: this sexual practice can cause fissures in a region rich in blood vessels
Diagnóstico
The diagnosis of hemorrhoids is based on a clinical evaluation performed by a gastroenterologist or proctologist. The doctor will ask several questions about symptoms, medical history, and risk factors, and will also conduct a physical examination.
During this exam, the anal region is inspected to obtain more complete results. A rectal exam may be necessary, in which a lubricated finger is inserted into the anus to assess possible internal hemorrhoids.
Treatment
Treatment can be mild, involving ointments and suppositories, or more targeted, such as surgery to remove the affected veins (hemorrhoidectomy). In many cases, simply puncturing the clot that blocks the blood vessel—using a needle to remove the blood—can resolve the issue.
Prevention
Preventing hemorrhoids involves adopting habits and lifestyle changes that help reduce pressure on the veins in the anal region. Measures to avoid constipation are also recommended. This includes maintaining a fiber-rich diet, prioritizing foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Fiber helps soften stools, as does drinking water, which reduces pressure on the anal veins.
Another important point is to avoid straining during bowel movements and to go to the bathroom as soon as the urge arises, without delaying it.