What is histoplasmosis or “cave disease”?

It is a disease caused by a fungus of the species Histoplasma capsulatum, acquired through the respiratory tract, usually in places contaminated with pigeon or bat droppings, such as caves.

Symptoms

The symptoms are primarily respiratory and some systemic, such as cough, shortness of breath, fever, and weight loss.

Diagnosis

It can be diagnosed through histology of the affected tissue — the fungus is typical in pathological anatomy — or by detecting the Histoplasma antigen in urine. There are other serological tests, but they are not as effective.

Risk Factors

Places with pigeon droppings or exploring caves full ofwith bats.

Prognosis

The vast majority of individuals who come into contact with the fungus have no symptoms or only mild ones, such as coughing. However, in some cases, the disease can be more serious, progressing with signs of pneumonia.

In immunosuppressed individuals, such as patients with lymphoma or HIV, the disease can be much more severe, with primarily respiratory complications. Some cases progress to fibrosis originating from pulmonary lymph nodes, which can lead to serious problems.

Prevention

Avoid places where you might acquire the fungus: there is no vaccine or medicinal prophylaxis.

Treatment

Use of antifungals: itraconazole, voriconazole, or even liposomal amphotericin B in more severe cases.

By the Einstein Editorial Board