Mastitis
Einstein Health Glossary
ICD 10 - N61
What is mastitis?
Mastitis is inflammation of breast tissue, usually accompanied by infection. It is commonly associated with the breastfeeding period, but it can also occur in non-lactating women, men, and children.
Types and Causes
The main type of mastitis is lactational mastitis, meaning it is associated with breastfeeding. It is estimated to occur in about 10% of breastfeeding women. It is linked to breastfeeding difficulties, milk accumulation, and nipple injuries (cracks).
Non-lactational mastitis is less common. Its main form is periductal mastitis, which involves inflammation of the main ducts located near the areola. It is strongly associated with smoking.
Other types of non-lactational mastitis include idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, of unknown cause, and mastitis caused by uncommon agents such as fungi and tuberculosis.
Symptoms
A patient with mastitis experiences localized pain, along with increased local temperature and skin redness. There may also be localized swelling or an increase in breast volume.
The patient may or may not have a fever and a general decline in overall condition.
Laboratory tests may show an increase in white blood cells and inflammatory mediators.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is generally clinical, based on medical history and physical examination.
A biopsy and culture may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, identify the infectious agent, and determine the appropriate treatment.
Cases with atypical presentation should be evaluated by a specialist to rule out differential diagnoses, including neoplastic diseases (which are rare).
Treatment
Treatment for mastitis typically begins with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, as most cases are associated with infection. Proper follow-up by the attending physician will determine the duration of treatment and whether any adjustments to the antibiotic are necessary.
Chronic mastitis or cases with unusual presentation should be evaluated by a specialist to ensure an accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment approach.
Surgical procedures may be necessary in cases of breast abscesses and fistulas.
Prevention
For lactational mastitis, proper breastfeeding—through good guidance for the nursing mother, correct latching by the newborn, and reduction of nipple cracks—is very important to prevent mastitis.
In periductal mastitis, quitting smoking is a fundamental measure.