There is no specific test to confirm the diagnosis, which is often based on a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, physical examinations, and, in some cases, additional tests such as neuroimaging. Some of the main aspects considered in the diagnosis include:

Clinical history: the responsible healthcare professional, such as a neurologist, can collect detailed information about the symptoms, their onset, and progression over time
Detailed physical examination: it is conducted to assess the presence of characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's, such as tremors, rigidity, slow movements, postural instability, and gait changes
Complementary exams: currently, structural and functional neuroimaging techniques, genetic studies, and even skin biopsy can assist in the diagnosis of Parkinson's, especially in cases of diagnostic doubt

Treatment

The treatment of Parkinson's disease aims to control symptoms, improve the patient's quality of life, and prevent disease progression. The therapeutic approach is individualized and may include a combination of medications, physical therapies, occupational therapies, and other interventions. The most viable strategies are:

Use of medications with medical prescription
Physical therapy: can help improve mobility, balance, and posture
Speech therapy: can help with difficulty in speaking and swallowing
Psychological counseling: is beneficial for dealing with the emotional impact of the disease
Exercise: walking, swimming, and aerobic exercises can help improve motor function and balance
Deep brain stimulation: a surgical technique, known as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), that works like a brain pacemaker. It involves placing electrodes in a small region of the brain called the subthalamic nucleus. When stimulated by DBS, this area produces small electrical impulses aimed at restoring its function and improving Parkinson's symptoms
High-intensity focused ultrasound (known asHIFU): the procedure takes about 120 minutes and the patient wears a helmet that emits ultrasound waves targeting the deep brain region. It is a technique used to relieve tremors in Parkinson's disease

Prevention

There is no known way to absolutely prevent Parkinson's disease, as its exact causes are not yet fully understood. However, some strategies can be considered for a potential prevention approach:

Regular physical activity: has been associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Aerobic activities such as walking, swimming, and cycling can be beneficial
Maintaining a healthy diet: a diet rich in antioxidants, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains, can provide benefits for brain health. Some research suggests that the consumption of caffeine and green tea may also be associated with a lower risk
Cognitive and social activities: the greatest challenge for the human brain is living in society. The so-called neuroplasticity, the basis for slowing Parkinson's disease, depends on new connections between neurons. Therefore, meeting people and learning new things are important prevention tools for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's