What is ventricular tachycardia?

It is an acceleration of the heartbeat originating in the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). Ventricular tachycardia can, in some situations, impair heart function, resulting in a sensation of palpitations, dizziness, and even fainting, requiring immediate medical attention. In extreme cases, it can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden death.

Causes

Ventricular tachycardias can occur without an apparent cause in people with a normal heart (idiopathic), and are generally benign in these situations. However, they are more common in patients with conditions that affect the heart muscle (valve problems, high blood pressure, weakened heart, hypertrophic hearts). In such cases, they are potentially serious arrhythmias that require immediate evaluation.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms are a sensation of palpitations, rapid heartbeat, weakness, dizziness, and even fainting. In extremely severe cases, it can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden death.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made through an electrocardiogram during the episode. Additional tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, such as a 24-hour Holter monitor or event monitor, which extend the monitoring period. A stress test may be used in patients with symptoms related to physical exertion. In selected cases, an invasive electrophysiological study is necessary for diagnostic clarification.

Treatment

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (without apparent cause in people with a normal heart) are treated with medication or catheter ablation, a technique that is often curative in these cases. In patients with heart disease, treatment primarily involves medication. In severe cases with a risk of death, implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is indicated. Catheter ablation may also be used in selected cases to help control episodes.

Prevention

Regular medical check-ups and control of risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and smoking are essential. Extra care should be taken in patients with heart problems (valves, heart attack, weakened heart, etc.).

By Einstein Editorial Board