Toxoplasmosis

Definition

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, found in the feces of cats, tigers, lions, and other wild felines. It can infect humans and other animals. Toxoplasmosis is generally asymptomatic in healthy individuals but can be serious in specific cases, such as in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms

Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic in healthy adults. When symptoms do occur, they may resemble those of mild viral infections, such as the flu, and include:

• fever: increased body temperature
• fatigue: feeling of tiredness and weakness
• muscle aches: in various parts of the body
• sore throat: ranging from mild discomfort to more intense pain
• headache: from mild to moderate

Severe forms of the disease can affect different parts of the body, such as the central nervous system, causing long-lasting problems in that area. In addition to the symptoms mentioned above, complications may lead to lasting effects.

Causes

Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and the disease can be contracted through actions such as:

• oocysts: these are remnants released in the feces of infected cats. People can become infected by ingesting water or food contaminated with these oocysts.
• contaminated meat: when raw or undercooked, meat may contain Toxoplasma gondii cysts and cause the disease.
• blood transfusions and organ transplants: if organs are transplanted from an infected person, transmission of the parasite is possible.

It is important to emphasize that the disease does not occur solely through contact with cats or healthy felines.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis generally includes:

• serological tests: to detect the presence of specific antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in the blood.
• IgG activity test: used to assess the strength of the antibodies and help determine whether the infection is recent or older.
• biopsy: in cases of severe symptoms or when there is suspicion of involvement of specific organs, such as the eyes, a biopsy may be performed to examine tissues for cysts of the parasite.

Treatment

Toxoplasmosis usually progresses without lasting effects in people with strong immune systems (those with healthy habits such as good nutrition and overall wellness practices). In such cases, treatment is typically limited to managing symptoms. Individuals with weakened immunity should be referred for specialized medical care.

Treatment and follow-up for the disease are available free of charge and comprehensively through the SUS (Unified Health System). It is important to highlight that in cases of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, prenatal monitoring is essential.

Prevention

Preventing toxoplasmosis involves adopting hygiene practices and behaviors that reduce the risk of infection. Some appropriate measures include:

• Maintain food hygiene: cook meat thoroughly before consuming it, and wash hands, kitchen utensils, and food preparation surfaces properly.
• Maintain personal hygiene: wash hands carefully with soap and water after activities involving contact with soil, sand, or animals.
• Take care with pets: avoid direct contact with cat feces, and use gloves when handling soil that may be contaminated with them.
• Pay attention to water quality: avoid drinking water that is not properly treated.

References

Toxoplasmosis | Health Department

By the Einstein Editorial Board